阅读下文，完成第（1）——（6）题。

地图与理论模型

    ①工程师在设车时会按比例制作汽车模型，这种实物模型可以直观地呈现出汽车的构造，而且可以让一些实验更加便捷。举办一场宴会前，我们会思考应该邀请谁参加、需要准备哪些食物等，这时我们其实也构建了一个模型。这种模型与汽车模型不同，它不是一种实物，而是一种“理论”。科学家的工作与此相似，也是构建某种理论模型，只是这类模型的特点理解起来比较困难。
    ②地图也是一种模型。地图与理论模型的类比有助于我们了解理论模型的特点。我们先来做一个练习。请看一张某大学校园的局部地图：

    Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades. Other forms of parental involvement, including volunteering at school and observing a child's class, also fail to help, according to the most recent study on the topic.
    The findings challenge a key principle of modern parenting(养育子女) where schools except them to act as partners in their children's education. Previous generations concentrated on getting children to school on time, fed, dressed and ready to learn.
    Kaith Robinson, the author of the study, said, "I really don't know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be involved in their kids' education that leads to declines in their academic performance. One of the things that was consistently negative was parents' help with homework." Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the task." They may either not remember the material their kids are studying now, or in some cases never learnt it themselves, but they're still offering advice."
    Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks. In general, about 20% of parental involvement was positive, about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.
    Common sense suggests it was a good thing for parents to get involved because "children with good academic success do have involved parents ", admitted Robinson. But he argued that this did not prove parental involvement was the root cause of that success." A big surprise was that Asian-American parents whose kids are doing so well in school hardly involved. They took a more reasonable approach, conveying to their children how success at school could improve their lives."

阅读下面的文字，完成1～4题。

玻璃
贾平凹

    约好在德巴街路南第十个电杆下会面，去了却没看到他。我决意再等一阵，踅进一家小茶馆里一边吃茶一边盯肴电杆。旁边新盖了一家酒店，玻瑞装嵌，还未完工，正有人用白粉写“注意玻璃”的字样。
    吃过一壶茶后，我回到了家。妻子说王有福来电话了，反复解释他是病了，不能赴约，能否明日上午在德巴街后边的德比街再见，仍是路南第十个电杆下。第二天我赶到德比街，电杆下果然坐着一个老头，额头上包着一块纱布。我说你是王得贵的爹吗，他立即弯下腰，说：我叫王有福。
    我把得贵捎的钱交给他，让给娘好好治病。他看四周没人，就解开裤带将钱装进裤衩上的兜里，说：“我请你去喝烧酒！”
    我谢绝了。他转身往街的西头走去，又回过头来给我鞠了个躬。我问他家离这儿远吗，他说不远，就在德巴街紧南的胡同里。我说从这里过去不是更近吗，老头笑了一下，说：“我不走德巴街。”
    他不去德巴街，我却要去，昨日那家茶馆不错。走过那家酒店，玻璃墙上却贴出了一张布告——
    昨天因装修的玻璃上未作标志，致使一过路人误撞受伤。
    敬请受伤者速来我店接受我们的歉意并领取赔偿费。
    我被酒店此举感动，很快想到王有福是不是撞了玻璃受的伤呢，突然萌生了一个念头：既然肯赔偿，那就是他们理屈，何不去法院上告，趁机索赔更大一笔钱呢？我为我的聪明得意，第二天便给王有福打电话，约他下午到红星饭店边吃边谈。
    红星饭店也是玻璃装修，我选择这家饭店，是要证实他是不是真的在酒店挂伤的。他见了我，肿胀的脸上泛了笑容，步履却小心翼翼，到了门口还用手摸，证实是门口了，一倾一倾地摇晃着小脑袋走进来。
    “我没请你，你倒请我了！”他说。
    “一顿饭算什么！”我给他倒了一杯酒，他赶忙说：“我不敢喝的，我有伤。”
    “大伯，你是在德巴街酒店撞伤的吗？”
    “你……那酒店怎么啦？”
    “这么说，你真的在那儿撞的！”
    “这……”
    老头瓷在那里，似乎要抵赖，但脸色立即赤红，压低了声音说：“是在那儿撞的。”一下子人蔫了许多，可怜得像个做错事的孩子。
    “这就好。”我说。
    “我不是故意的。”老头急起来。“我那日感冒，头晕晕的，接到你的电话出来，经过那里，明明看着没有什么，走过去，咚，便撞上了。”
    “你撞伤了，怎么就走了？”
    “哗啦一声，我才知道是撞上玻璃了。三个姑娘出来扶我，血流了一脸，把她们倒吓坏了，要给我包扎伤口，我爬起来跑了。我赔不起那玻璃呀！”
    “他们到处找你哩。”
    “是吗？我已经几天没敢去德巴街了，他们是在街口认人吗？”
    “他们贴了布告……”
    老头哭丧下脸来，在腰里掏钱，问我一块玻璃多少钱。
    我嘿嘿笑起来。
    “不是你给他们赔，是他们要给你赔！”
    “赔我？”
    “是赔你。”我说，“但你不要接受他们的赔偿，他们能赔多少钱？上法院告他们，索赔的就不是几百元几千元了！”
    老头愣在那里，一条线的眼里极力努出那黑珠来盯我，说：“你大伯是有私心，害怕赔偿才溜掉的，可我也经了一辈子世事，再也不受骗了！”
    “没骗你，你去看布告嘛！”
    “你不骗我，那酒店也骗我哩，我一去那不是投案自首了吗？”
    “大伯，你听我说……”
    老头从怀里构出一卷软沓沓的钱来，放在桌上：“你要肯认我是大伯，那我求你把这些钱交给人家。不够的话，让得贵补齐。我不是有意的，真是看着什么也没有的，谁知道就有玻璃。你能答应我，这事不要再给外人说，你答应吗？”
    “答应。”
    老头眼泪花花的，给我又鞠了下躬，扭身离开了饭桌。
    我怎么叫他，他也不回头。
    他走到玻璃墙边，看着玻璃上有个门，伸手摸了摸，没有玻璃，走了出去。
    我坐在那里喝完了一壶酒，一口莱也没吃，从饭馆出来往德巴街去。趁无人理会，我揭下了那张布告：布告继续贴着，只能使他活得不安生。顺街往东走，照相馆的橱窗下又是一堆碎玻璃，经理在大声骂：谁撞的，眼睛瞎了吗？！
    我走出了狭窄的德巴街。
                                                                 （有删改）

下图为某大陆沿22°S纬线的地形剖面图。

    In 2004, when my daughter Becky was ten, she and my husband, Joe, were united in their desire for a dog. As for me, I shared none of their canine lust.
    But why, they pleaded. “Because I don’t have tine to take care of a dog.” But we’ll do it. “Really? You’re going to walk the dog? Feed the dog? Bathe the dog?” Yes,yes and yes.”I don’t believe you.” We will. We promise.
    They didn’t. From day two (everyone wanted to walk the cute puppy that first day), neither thought to walk the dog. While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots, to schedule her vet appointments, to feed and clean her, Misty knew this on day one. As she looked up at the three new humans in her life (small, medium, and large), she calculated, "The medium one is the sucker in the pack."
    Quickly, she and I developed something very similar to a Vulcan mind meld(心灵融合). She’d look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers, beam her need, and then wait, trusting I would understand---which, strangely, I almost always did. In no time, she became my fifth appendage(附肢), snoring on my stomach as I watched television.
    Even so, part of me continued to resent walking duty. Joe and Becky had promised. Not fair, I’d balk(不心甘情愿地做) silently as she and I walked.“Not fair,” I’d loudly remind anyone within earshot upon our return home.
    Then one day-January 1, 2007, to be exact-my husband’s doctor uttered an unthinkable word: leukemia (白血病). With that, I spent eight to ten hours a day with Joe in the hospital, doing anything and everything I could to ease his discomfort. During those six months of hospitalizations, Becky, 12 at that time, adjusted to other adults being in the house when she returned from school. My work colleagues adjusted to my taking off at a moment’s notice for medical emergencies. Every part of my life changed; no part of my old routine remained.
    Save one: Misty still needed walking. At the beginning, when friends offered to take her through her paces, I declined because I knew they had their own households to deal with.
    As the months went by, I began to realize that I actually wanted to walk Misty. The walk in the morning before I headed to the hospital was a quiet, peaceful time to gather my thoughts or to just be before the day’s medical drama unfolded. The evening walk was a time to shake off the day’s upsets and let the worry tracks in my head go to white noise.
    When serious illness visits your household, it’s not just your daily routine and your assumptions about the future that are no longer familiar. Pretty much everyone you know acts differently.
    Not Misty. Take her for a walk, and she had no interest in Joe’s blood or bone marrow test results. On the street or in the park, she had only one thing on her mind: squirrels! She was so joyful that even on the worst days, she could make me smile. On a daily basis, she reminded me that life goes on.
    After Joe died in 2009, Misty slept on his pillow.
    I’m grateful-to a point. The truth is, after years of balking, I’ve come to enjoy my walks with Misty. As I watch her chase a squirrel, throwing her whole being into the here-and-now of an exercise that has never once ended in victory, she reminded me, too, that no matter how harsh the present or unpredictable the future, there’s almost always some measure of joy to be extracted from the moment.

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