For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Man and Computer by commenting on the saying, "The real danger is not that the computer will begin to think like man, but that man will begin to think like the computer." You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.

Man and Computer

    Mountain climbing is becoming a popular sport, but it is also a (1) ________ dangerous one. People can fall; they may also become ill. One of the most common dangers to climbers is altitude sickness, which can affect even very (2) ________ climbers.
   Altitude sickness usually begins when a climber goes above 8,000 or 9,000 feet. The higher one climbs, the less oxygen there is in the air. When people don't get enough oxygen, they often begin to (3) ________.They may also (4) ________ and light-headed. Besides these symptoms of altitude sickness, others such as headache and (5) ________ may also occur. At heights of over 18,000 feet, people may be climbing in a (6) ________ daze (恍惚). This state of mind can have an (7) ________ effect on their judgment.
    A few (8) ________ can help most climbers avoid altitude sickness. The first is not to go too high too fast. If you climb to 1 0,000 feet, stay at that height for a day or two. Your body needs to get used to a high altitude before you climb to an even higher one. Or if you do climb higher sooner, come back down to a lower height when you sleep. Also, drink (9) ________ liquids and avoid tobacco and alcohol. When you reach your top height, do light activities rather than sleep too much. You breathe less when you sleep, so you get less oxygen.
   The most important warning is this: if you have (10) ________ symptoms and they don't go away, go down! Don't risk injury or death because of overconfidence or lack of knowledge.

　　The shorter growing seasons expected with climate change over the next 40 years will endanger hundreds of millions of already poor people in the global tropics, say researchers working with the world's leading agricultural organisations.
　　The effects of climate change are likely to be seen across the entire tropical (1) ______ but many areas previously considered to be (2) ______ food secure are likely to become highly vulnerable to droughts, extreme weather and higher temperatures, say the researchers with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research.
　　Intensively farmed areas like northeast Brazil and Mexico are likely to see their (3) ______ growing seasons fall below 120 days, which is critical for crops such as corn to mature. Many other places in Latin America are likely to (4) ______ temperatures that are too hot for bean production, a staple in the region.
　　Higher peak temperatures are also expected to take a heavy (5) ______ on food producers. Today there are 56 million crop-dependent people in parts of west Africa and India who live in areas where, in 40 years, maximum daily temperatures could be higher than 30°C. This is (6) ______ to the maximum temperature that beans can tolerate, while corn and rice yields suffer when temperatures (7) ______ this level.
　　“We are starting to see much more clearly where the effects of climate change on agriculture could (8) ______ hunger and poverty," said research leader Patti Kristjanson. "Farmers already (9) ______ to　variable weather by changing their planting schedules. What this study suggests is that the speed of climate (10) ______ and the magnitude of the changes required to adapt could be much greater."

 In a Digital Age, Students Still Cling to Paper Textbooks

　　A) They text their friends all day long. At night, they do research for their term papers on laptops and commune with their parents on Skype. But as they walk the paths of Hamilton College, a poster-perfect liberal arts school in this upstate village, students are still hauling around bulky, old-fashioned textbooks-and loving it. "The screen won't go blank," said Faton Begolli, a junior from Boston. "There can't be a virus. It wouldn't be the same without books. They've defined 'academia' （学术）for a thousand years."
　　B) Though the world of print is receding before a tide of digital books, blogs and other Web sites, a generation of college students growing up with technology appears to be holding fast to   traditional textbooks. That loyalty comes at a price. Textbooks are expensive-a year's worth can cost $700 to $900-and students' frustrations with the expense, as well as the emergence of new technology, have produced a perplexing array of options for obtaining them.
　　C) Internet retailers like Amazon and Textbooks.com are selling new and used books. They have been joined by several Web services that rent textbooks to students by the semester. Some l,500 college bookstores are also offering rentals this fall, up from 300 last year. Here at Hamilton, students this year have a new way to avoid the middleman: a nonprofit Web site, created by the college's Entrepreneur Club, that lets them sell used books directly to one another.
　　D) The explosion of outlets and formats-including digital books, which are rapidly becoming more sophisticated-has left some students bewildered. After completing the difficult job of course selection, they are forced to weigh cost versus convenience, analyze their own study habits and guess which texts they will want for years to come and which they will not miss.
　　E) "It depends on the course," said Victoria Adesoba, a student at New York University who was standing outside that school’s bookstore, a powder-blue book bag slung over her shoulder.  "Last semester, I rented for psychology, and it was cheaper. But for something like organic chemistry, I need to keep the book. E-textbooks are good, but it's tempting to go on Facebook, and it can strain your eyes." For all the talk that her generation is the most technologically knowledgeable in history, paper-and-ink textbooks do not seem destined to disappear anytime soon.
　　F) According to the National Association of College Stores, digital books make up just under 3% of textbook sales, although the association expects that share to grow to 10-15% by 2012 as more titles are made available as e-books.
　　G) In two recent studies-one by the association and another by the Student Public Interest Research Groups-three-quarters of the students surveyed said they still preferred a bound book to a digital version. Many students are reluctant to give up the ability to flip quickly between chapters, write in the margins and highlight passages, although new software applications are beginning to allow students to use e-textbooks that way. "Students grew up learning from print books," said Nicole Allen, the textbooks campaign director for the research groups, "so as they transition to higher education, it's not surprising that they prefer a format that they are most accustomed to."
　　H) Indeed, many Hamilton students grow passionate about the weighty volumes they still carry from dorm room to lecture hall to library, even as they compulsively (克制不住地) check their smart-phones for text messages and e-mails. "I believe that the codex is one of mankind's best inventions," said Jonathan Piskor, a junior from North Carolina, using the Latin term for book.
　　I) That passion may be one reason that Barnes & Noble College Booksellers is working so hard to market its new software application, NOOKstudy, which allows students to navigate e-textbooks on Macs and PCs. The company, which operates 636 campus bookstores nationwide, introduced the free application last summer in hopes of luring more students to buy its electronic textbooks. "The real obstacle is getting them to try it," said Tracey Weber, the company's executive vice president.
　　J) The company is giving away "College Kick-Start Kits" to students who download NOOKstudy in the fall semester, with a dozen classic e-books like The Canterbury Tales and The Scarlet Letter. CourseSmart is letting students try any e-textbook free for two weeks.
　　K) But not every textbook is available in digital or rental format. At Hamilton, for instance, only about one-fifth of the titles are sold as e-textbooks this fall. A stroll through the campus store revealed the price difference. A book on constitutional law, for instance, was $189.85 new, $142.40 used and $85.45 for rent. (Typically, an e-textbook is cheaper than a used book, though more expensive than a rental.)
　　L) The expense of college textbooks, which is estimated to have risen four times the inflation rate in recent years, has become such a concern that some politicians are taking up the cause. Last month, Senator Charles E. Schumer of New York urged more college stores to rent books, after a survey of 38 campus bookstores in New York City and on Long Island, by his office found that 16 did not offer the option. On Thursday, students at more than 40 colleges nationwide are planning an Affordable Textbooks Day of Action to encourage faculty members to assign texts that are less expensive, or offered free online.
　　M) For now, buying books the old-fashioned way-new or used-prevails. Charles Schmidt, the book for $100, it would typically buy the book back for $50 at semester's end and sell it to the next student for $75.
　　N) The buy-back price plunges, however, if the professor drops the book from the syllabus or if the bookstore has bought enough books to meet demand. When Louis Boguchwal, majoring in economics and math, tried to sell a $100 linear algebra （线性代数） textbook back to the college bookstore, he was offered $15. "It was insulting," he said. "They give you next to nothing."
　　O) Thus, the creation of Hamilton's new nonprofit Web site, getmytextbooks.org. So far, traffic has been light: only about 70 books have been sold this fall. But Jason Mariasis, president of the Entrepreneur Club, said he expected sales to pick up as word spread. Mr. Begolli, a member of the club, recently sold three German novels for $17 on the site. "If I had sold them back to the bookstore, I would have gotten $7 or $8," he said. "The bookstore is king when it comes to textbook sales. We felt there should be something for students, by students."
　　P) Yet some students have to go it alone. Rosemary Rocha, an N.Y.U. student pursuing a degree in hospitality and tourism management, added up her required reading for the semester: $600. "It's harsh," she said. "I'm currently collecting unemployment, so that's not going to happen." Instead, she waits to borrow the few copies her professors leave on reserve at the library, or relies on the kindness of classmates. "My friends will let me borrow their books in exchange for coffee or a slice of pizza," she said.  "I very seldom buy the textbooks, but I'm always like a chicken without a head."

　　Is 20th-century capitalism failing 21st-century society? Members of the global elite debated that unusual question at the annual World Economic Forum.
　　It is encouraging that more than three years since the global financial crisis, a belated (迟到的) process of soul-searching has begun in search of the right lessons to learn from it.
　　There is a great difference, however, between being willing to talk about an issue and being ready to act.
　　It is a difference between those who still believe that all governments can do is get out of the way and those who believe there is a real role for governments in first reviving our economies, and then setting the right rules for future success.
　　If we learned anything from the 1930s, it was that governments cannot shrug their shoulders and watch as their own people are being laid off.
　　Nor should we forget the causes of the current growth and debt crisis as we seek to put our economies on a more sustainable footing.
　　Both the United States and Britain suffered because their economies were overly reliant on the financial sector's artificial profits; living standards for the many worsened while the economic rewards went to the top l percent, a capitalist model encouraged short-term decision-making oriented toward quarterly profits rather than long-term health; and interest groups like giant banks were deemed too big to fail or too powerful to challenge.
　　We need to recognize that the trickle-down promise (benefits given to the rich will eventually be passed on to the poor) of conservative theorists has turned into a gravity-defying reality in which wealth has flowed upward disproportionately and, too often, undeservedly. To address the problem requires fresh thinking from governments about how people train for their working lives and what a living wage should be.
　　Governments can set better-not necessarily more-rules to encourage productive businesses that make and sell real products and services. We need rules that discourage the predatory (掠夺的) behavior of those seeking the fast buck through hostile takeovers and asset-stripping that do not have the interests of the shareholders, the employees or the economy at heart.
　　And governments must remember they are elected to serve the people, not the powerful lobbies who can pay for access or influence. Too often the real enemies of market capitalism are some of the leading beneficiaries of the current model, which favors big monopolies and consumer exploitation.
　　I believe that changing the rules of capitalism will require a change in what citizens expect and ask of politics. The question is not so much whether 20th-century capitalism is failing 21st-century society but whether politics can rise to the challenge of changing a flawed economic model.

　　Women are half the population but only 15% of board members at big American firms, and 10% in Europe. Companies that fish in only half of the talent pool will lose out to those that cast their net more widely. There is also evidence that mixed boards make better decisions.
　　Mindful of this, European countries are passing laws that would force companies to promote more women to the executive suite. A new French law requires listed firms to reserve 40% of board seats for women by 2017. Norway and Spain have similar laws; Germany is considering one. The European Parliament declared this month that such quotas should be applied throughout the European Union.
　　There are two main arguments for compulsory quotas. One is that the men who dominate corporate boards are hopelessly sexist: they promote people like themselves and ignore any female talent.
　　The second argument is more subtle. Talented executives need mentors (导师) to help them climb the ladder. Male directors mentor young men but are reluctant to get friendly with young women, lest the relationship be misinterpreted. Quotas will break this vicious cycle by putting lots of women at the top, who can then offer their sisters a leg up.
　　There may be something in both arguments, but in most rich countries sexism is no longer the main obstacle to women's careers. Children are. Most women take career breaks to look after them. Many care for elderly relatives, too. One study found that two-thirds of American women had at some point switched from full-time work to part-time or flexible time to balance work and family. Such choices make it harder for women to gain the experience necessary to make it to the very top.
　　What is more, big companies are increasingly global. Many want a boss who has worked in more than one country. Such foreign postings disrupt families; many women turn them down. And many, anticipating a career break at some point in the future, enter fields where their skills will not quickly become outdated, such as law or human resources. Some lawyers make good chief executives. But firms often want people with financial or operational experience for the top jobs, and these fields are still male-dominated.
　　Quotas are too blunt a tool for such a tangled problem. The women companies are compelled to put on boards are unlikely to be as useful as those they place there voluntarily. Quotas force firms either to pad their boards with token non-executive directors, or to allocate real power on the basis of sex rather than merit. Enforcing quotas for women has led to large numbers of inexperienced women being appointed to boards, and seriously damaged those firms' performance.

　　京剧(Beijing Opera)是中国最具影响力的剧种。它起源于徽剧，后来又吸收了几种古老的地方戏剧，最终形成了现在的京剧。京剧被称作“东方歌剧”，因为它也集歌唱、舞蹈、美术、文学等于一体。京剧中的“生、旦、净、丑(sheng, dan, jing, chou)”指的是角色分类，代表角色的性别或者性格色彩。京剧的一个主要特点体现在它的脸谱上( facial make-up)，脸上不同的颜色表示不同角色的不同性格、形象和命运。京剧已被介绍到全世界，成为传播中国传统文化的重要手段。