For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled On Maintaining Trust by commenting on the saying, "It takes years to build trust and a few seconds to destroy it.” You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1．

On Maintaining Trust

    People with disabilities comprise a large but diverse segment of the population. It is (1) ______ that over 35 million Americans have physical, mental, or other disabilities. (2) ______ half of these disabilities are “developmental," i.e., they occur prior to the individual's twenty-second birthday, often from (3) ______ conditions, and are severe enough to affect three or more areas of development, such as (4) ______, communication and employment. Most other disabilities are considered (5) ______，i.e., caused by outside forces.
    Before the 20th century, only a (6) ______ people with disabilities survived for long. Medical treatment for such conditions as stroke or spinal cord injury was unavailable. People whose disabilities should not have inherently affected their life span were often so mistreated that they 
    (7) _______ Advancements in medicine and social services have created a climate in which people with disabilities can expect to have such basic needs as fool, (8) _______ and medical treatment net. Unfortunately, these basics are often all that is available. Civil liberties such as the right to vote, marry, get an education, and gain employment have historically been denied on the basis of disability．In recent decades, the disability rights movement has been organized to combat these violations of (9) ______. Disabled people formed grassroots coalitions to advocate their rights to integration and meaningful (10) _______. Congress responded by passing major legislation, recognizing people with disabilities as a protected class. In the mid-1970s, critical legislation man- dated（规定）access to education, public transportation, and public facilities, and prohibited employment discrimination by federal agencies or employers receiving federal funds.

　　American presidents seem to age before our eyes. But the common belief that high-office stress grays our leaders faster than (1) ______ may be a myth, new research finds. In fact, the majority of American presidents have lived longer than (2) ______ men of their times.
　　That's not to say that chronic stress has no effect on a person's lifespan, but so does high social standing. The findings (3) ______ to a body of research linking high status to better health: for instance, Oscar winners live longer than those who were only (4) ______; and the longevity (长寿) effect is also seen in Nobel Prize winners.
　　The new study, which was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, (5) ______ the dates of birth, inauguration and death of all 34 past presidents who died of natural (6) ______. The average lifespan for these men should have been 68 years, if they'd aged twice as fast during their years in (7) ______ as the popular wisdom suggests they do.
　　Instead, the study found, these presidents lived an average 73 years. And indeed, 23 of the 34 presidents who died of natural causes lived longer than (8) ______, compared with other men their age during their lifetimes.
　　So why do people at the top of the (9) ______ fare better than those below? Access to wealth, education and the best health care of their times would seem to be obvious factors although medical attention seems to have (10) ______ killed President Garfield, who died from a fatal infection introduced by his doctors’ unsterile (未消过毒的) treatment techniques after he was shot by an assassin.

Thirst grows for living unplugged

　　A) More people are taking breaks from the connected life amid the stillness and quiet of retreats like the Jesuit Center in Wernersville, Pennsylvania.
　　B) About a year ago, I flew to Singapore to join the writer Malcolm Gladwell, the fashion designer Marc Ecko and the graphic designer Stefan Sagmeister in addressing a group of advertising people on "Marketing to the Child of Tomorrow." Soon after I arrived, the chief executive of the agency that had invited us took me aside. What he was most interested in, he began, was stillness and quiet.
　　C) A few months later, I read an interview with the well-known cutting-edge designer Philippe Starck. What allowed him to remain so consistently ahead of the cure? "I never read any magazines or watch TV," he said, perhaps with a little exaggeration. "Nor do I go to cocktail parties, dinners or anything like that." He lived outside conventional ideas, he implied, because "I live alone mostly, in the middle of nowhere."
　　D) Around the same time, I noticed that those who part with $2,285 a night to stay in a cliff-top room at the Post Ranch Inn in Big Sur, California, pay partly for the privilege of not having a TV in their rooms; the future of travel, I'm reliably told, lies in "black-hole resorts," which charge high prices precisely because you can't get online in their rooms.
　　E) Has it really come to this? The more ways we have to connect, the more many of us seem desperate to unplug. Internet rescue camps in South Korea and China try to save kids addicted to the screen.
　　F) Writer friends of mine pay good money to get the Freedom software that enables them to disable the very Internet connections that seemed so emancipating not long ago. Even Intel experimented in 2007 with conferring four uninterrupted hours of quiet time (no phone or e-mail) every Tuesday morning on 300 engineers and managers. Workers were not allowed to use the phone or send e-mail, but simply had the chance to clear their heads and to hear themselves think.
　　G) The average American spends at least eight and a half hours a day in front of a screen. Nicholas Carr notes in his book The Shallows. The average American teenager sends or receives 75 text messages a day, though one girl managed to handle an average of 10,000 every 24 hours for a month.
　　H) Since luxury is a function of scarcity, the children of tomorrow will long for nothing more than intervals of freedom from all the blinking machines, streaming videos and scrolling headlines that leave them feeling empty and too full all at once.
　　I) The urgency of slowing down-to find the time and space to think-is nothing new, of course, and wiser souls have always reminded us that the more attention we pay to the moment, the less time and energy we have to place it in some larger context. "Distraction is the only thing that consoles us for our miseries," the French philosopher Blaise Pascal wrote in the 17th century, "and yet it is itself the greatest of our miseries." He also famously remarked that all of man's problems come from his inability to sit quietly in a room alone. When telegraphs and trains brought in the idea that convenience was more important than content, Henry David Thoreau reminded us that "the man whose horse trots(奔跑） a mile in a minute does not carry the most important messages."Marshall McLuhan, who came closer than most to seeing what was coming, warned, "When things come at you very fast, naturally you lose touch with yourself."
　　J) We have more and more ways to communicate, but less and less to say. Partly because we are so busy communicating. And we are rushing to meet so many deadlines that we hardly register that what we need most are lifelines. So what to do? More and more people I know seem to be turning to yoga, or meditation (沉思), or tai chi (太极)；these aren't New Age fads（时尚的事物） so much as ways to connect with what could be called the wisdom of old age. Two friends of mine observe an "Internet Sabbath(安息日)" every week, turning off their online connections from Friday night to Monday morning. Other friends take walks and "forget" their cellphones at home.
　　K) A series of tests in recent years has shown, Mr. Carr points out, that after spending time in quiet rural settings, subjects "exhibit greater attentiveness, stronger memory and generally improved cognition. Their brains become both calmer and sharper."  More than that, empathy (同感,共鸣), as well as deep thought, depends (as neuroscientists like Antonio Damasio have found) on neural processes that are "inherently slow."
　　L) I turn to eccentric measures to try to keep my mind sober and ensure that I have time to do nothing at all (which is the only time when I can see what I should be doing the rest of the time). I have yet to use a cellphone and I have never Tweeted or entered Facebook. I try not to go online till my day's writing is finished, and I moved from Manhattan to rural Japan in part so I could more easily survive for long stretches entirely on foot.
　　M) None of this is a matter of asceticism (苦行主义)；it is just pure selfishness. Nothing makes me feel better than being in one place, absorbed in a book, a conversation, or music. It is actually something deeper than mere happiness: it is joy, which the monk (僧侣) David Steindl-Rast describes as "that kind of happiness that doesn't depend on what happens."It's vital, of course, to stay in touch with the world. But it's only by having some distance from the world that you can see it whole, and understand what you should be doing with it.
　　N) For more than 20 years, therefore, I've been going several times a year-often for no longer than three days-to a Benedictine hermitage(修道院)， 40 minutes down the road, as it happens, from the Post Ranch Inn. I don't attend services when I'm there, and I've never meditated, there or anywhere; I just take walks and read and lose myself in the stillness, recalling that it is only by stepping briefly away from my wife and bosses and friends that I will have anything useful to bring to them.
　　O) The last time I was in the hermitage, three months ago, I happened to meet with a youngish-looking man with a 3-year-old around his shoulders. "You're Pico, aren't you?" the man said, and introduced himself as Larry; we had met, I gathered, 19 years before, when he had been living in the hermitage as an assistant to one of the monks.  "What are you doing now?" I asked. We smiled. No words were necessary. "I try to bring my kids here as often as I can," he went on. The child of tomorrow, I realized, may actually be ahead of us, in terms of sensing not what is new, but what's essential.

　　Amid all the job losses, there's one category of worker that the economic disruption has been good for nonhumans.
　　From self-service checkout lines at the supermarket to industrial robots armed with saws and taught to carve up animal bodies in slaughter-houses, these evermore-intelligent machines are now not just assisting workers but actually kicking them out of their jobs.
　　Automation isn't just affecting factory workers, either. Some law firms now use artificial intelligence software to scan and read mountains of legal documents, work that previously was performed by highly-paid human lawyers.
　　"Robots continue to have an impact on blue-collar jobs, and white-collar jobs are under attack by microprocessors," says economics professor Edward Learner. The recession permanently wiped out 2.5 million jobs. U.S. gross domestic product has climbed back to pre-recession levels, meaning we're producing as much as before, only with 6% fewer workers. To be sure, robotics are not the only job killers out there, with outsourcing (外包) stealing far more jobs than automation.
　　Jeff Burnstein, president of the Robotics Industry Association, argues that robots actually save U.S. jobs. His logic: companies that embrace automation might use fewer workers, but that's still better than firing everyone and moving the work overseas.
　　It's not that robots are cheaper than humans, though often they are. It's that they're better. "In some cases the quality requirements are so exacting that even if you wanted to have a human do the job, you couldn't," Burnstein says.
　　Same goes for surgeons, who're using robotic systems to perform an ever-growing list of operations-not because the machines save money but because, thanks to the greater precision of robots, the patients recover in less time and have fewer complications, says Dr. Myriam Curet.
　　Surgeons may survive the robot invasion, but others at the hospital might not be so lucky, as iRobot, maker of the Roomba, a robot vacuum cleaner, has been showing off Ava, which could be used as a messenger in a hospital. And once you're home, recovering, Ava could let you talk to your doctor, so there's no need to send someone to your house. That "mobile telepresence" could be useful at the office. If you're away on a trip, you can still attend a meeting. Just connect via videoconferencing software, so your face appears on Ava's screen.
　　Is any job safe? I was hoping to say "journalist," but researchers are already developing software that can gather facts and write a news story. Which means that a few years from now, a robot could be writing this column. And who will read it? Well, there might be a lot of us hanging around with lots of free time on our hands.

　　You've now heard it so many times, you can probably repeat it in your sleep. President Obama will no doubt make the point publicly when he gets to Beijing: the Chinese need to consume more; they need-believe it or not-to become more like Americans, for the sake of the global economy.
　　And it's all true. But the other side of that equation is that the U.S. needs to save more. For the moment, American households actually are doing so. After the personal-savings rate dipped to zero in 2005, the shock of the economic crisis last year prompted people to snap shut their wallets.
　　In China, the household-savings rate exceeds 20%. It is partly for policy reasons. As we've seen, wage earners are expected to care for not only their children but their aging parents. And there is, to date, only the flimsiest(脆弱的) of publicly-funded health care and pension systems, which increases incentives for individuals to save while they are working. But China is a society that has long esteemed personal financial prudence(谨慎). There is no chance that will change anytime soon, even if the government creates a better social safety net and successfully encourages greater consumer spending.
　　Why does the U.S. need to learn a Little frugality (节俭)? Because healthy savings rates are one of the surest indicators of a country's long-term financial health. High savings lead, over time, to increased investment, which in turn generates productivity gains, innovation and job growth. In short, savings are the seed com of a good economic harvest.
　　The U.S. government thus needs to act as well. By running constant deficits, it is dis-saving, even as households save more. Peter Orszag, Obama's Budget Director, recently called the U.S. budget deficits unsustainable and he's right. To date, the U.S. has seemed unable to see the consequences of spending so much more than is taken in. That needs to change. And though Hu Jintao and the rest of the Chinese leadership aren't inclined to lecture visiting Presidents, he might gently hint that Beijing is getting a little nervous about the value of the dollar-which has fallen 15% since March, in large part because of increasing fears that America's debt load is becoming unmanageable.
　　That's what happens when you're the world's biggest creditor: you get to drop hints like that, which would be enough by themselves to create international economic chaos if they were ever leaked. (Every time any official in Beijing deliberates publicly about seeking an alternative to the U.S. dollar for the $2.1 trillion China holds in reserve, currency traders have a heart attack.) If Americans saved more and spent less, consistently over time, they wouldn't have to worry about all that.

　　新主流消费群(new mainstream customers）是指年收入超过10.6万元的消费人群。他们与传统消费者有着截然不同的消费行为，该群体更注重个人享受，购物时更注重情感诉求（emotional consideration）。另外，他们有自己喜爱的特定品牌，并且偏爱网上购物。但同时，传统消费者的诸多典型特点仍然保留在这一群体身上。据预测，到2020年，新主流消费群在中国的人数将达到4亿，占据中国所有城市居民的一半以上，他们的消费模式也将代表全国普遍的消费标准。