President Clinton later today joins (1) ________ presidents Ford, Carter and Bush at “the president's summit for America's future” (2) ________ at recruiting one million volunteer tutors to provide after-school, weekend and summer reading help for up to three million children. Mr. Clinton will ask Congress this coming week for nearly three (3) ________ dollars to fund a five-year program called “America Reads”.
    The program would fund the (4) ________ efforts of 20 thousand reading (5) ________ and it would also give (6) ________ to help parents help children read by the third grade, or about age eight. During his Saturday radio (7) ________, the president explained why the program is important. “We need ‘America Reads' and we need it now. Studies show that if the fourth-graders fail to read well, (8) ________________. But, 40 percent of them still can't read at a basic level.”
    Volunteer tutors, who provide community service in exchange for college funding, are being used in literacy and tutoring programs. (9) ________________.
    The president says many of the Philadelphia summit's corporate sponsors will recruit tutors. (10) ________________.

　　We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could mot. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
　　Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
　　One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.

    The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing (把…固定) legal responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon (放任). Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and friendly persuasion have been net by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long delays—not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it.
    It seems that only when government decides it can afford tax incentives or production sacrifices is there any initiative for change. Where is industry's and our recognition that protecting mankind's great treasure is the single most important responsibility? If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frontlines and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now.
    We are being asked, and, in fact, the public is demanding that we take positive action. It is our responsibility as professionals in environmental health to make the difference. Yes, the ecologists, the environmental activists and the conservationists serve to communicate, stimulate thinking and promote behavioral change. However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead the charge.
    We must recognize that environmental health issues do not stop at city limits, county lines, state or even federal boundaries. We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach. We must visualize issues from every perspective to make the objective decisions. We must express our views clearly to prevent media distortion and public confusion.
    I believe we have a three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves. Second, we must investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third, we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and not merely hold it back. We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on bandages.

　　British universities, groaning under the burden of a huge increase in student numbers, are warning that the tradition of a free education is at risk. The universities have threatened to impose an admission fee on students to plug a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improve their finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks.
　　The government responded to the universities' threat by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation, under a non-party troubleshooter (调停人)，Sir Ron Dearing.
　　One in three school-leavers enters higher education, five times the number when the last review took place thirty years ago.
　　Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot more money-but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayer and not much scope for attracting more finance from business.
　　Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs, something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain. Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatened action for now. They await Dearing's advice, hoping it will not be too late-some are already reported to be in financial difficulty.
　　As the century nears its end, the whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope. Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms, talk of the need for lifelong learning and refer to students as “consumers.”
　　The Confederation (联盟) of British Industry, the key employers' organization, wants even more expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from booming Asian economies. But the government has doubts about more expansion. The Times newspaper egress, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving way to “mass production methods more typical of European universities.”

　　There's simple premise behind what Larry Myers does for a living: If you can smell it, you can find it.
　　Myers is the founder of Auburn University's Institute for Biological Detection Systems, the main task of which is to chase the ultimate in detection devices—an artificial nose.
　　For now, the subject of their research is little more than a stack of gleaming chips tucked away in a laboratory drawer. But soon, such a tool could be hanging from the belts of police, arson (纵火) investigators and food-safety inspectors.
　　The technology that they are working in would suggest quite reasonably that, within three to five years, we'll have some workable sensors ready to use. Such devices might find wide use in places that attract terrorists. Police could detect drugs, bodies and bombs hidden in cars, while food inspectors could easily test food and water for contamination.
　　The implications for revolutionary advances in public safety and the food industry are astonishing. But so, too, are the possibilities for abuse; Such machines could determine whether a woman is ovulating (排卵), without a physical exam-or even her knowledge.
　　One of the traditional protectors of American liberty is that is has been impossible to search everyone. That's getting not to be the case.
　　Artificial biosensors created at Auburn work totally differently from anything ever seen before. Aroma Scan, for example, is a desktop machine based on a bank of chips sensitive to specific chemicals that evaporate into the air. As air is sucked into the machine, chemicals pass over the sensor surfaces and produce changes in the electrical current flowing through them. Those current changes are logged into a computer that sorts out odors based on their electrical signatures.
　　Myers says they expect to load a single fingernail-size chip with thousands of odor receptors (感受器)， enough to create a sensor that's nearly as sensitive as a dog's nose.

　　Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag (喷气飞行时差反应). Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone (1) _______ making mistakes. It is actually caused by (2) _______ of your “body clock”-a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological (3) _______. The body clock is designed for a (4) _______ rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it (5) _______ daylight and darkness at the wrong times in a new time zone.
　　The (6) _______ of jetlag often persist for days (7) _______ the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone Now a new anti-jetlag system is (8) _______ that is based on proven (9) _______ pioneering scientific research.
　　Dr. Martin Moore-Ede has (10) _______ a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone (11) _______ controlled exposure to bright light, The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates (12) _______ of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact time to either (13) _______ or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule (14) _______ light exposure depends a great deal on (15) _______ travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary (旅行路线) and the individual's sleep (16) _______ are used to produce a Trip Guide with (17) _______ on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls (18) _______ bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark out-side, or the weather is bad, (19) _______ you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light (20) _______ for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Reading Selectively Or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words, and base you composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
(1) 有人认为读书要有选择。
(2) 有人认为应当博览群书。
(3) 我的看法。