Directions:
    You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and other information which you think is relevant.
    You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
    Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Postgraduates’ Association” instead.

Directions:
    Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
    (1) describe the drawing briefly,
    (2) explain its intended meaning, and then
    (3) support your view with an example/examples.
    You should write neatly on  the ANSWER SHEET.

    The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is (l) ______ to say it anyway. He is that (2) ______ bird, a scientist who works independently (3) ______ any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not (4) ______ thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
    (5) ______ he, however, might tremble at the (6) ______ of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only (7) ______ that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in (8) ______ are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
    This group generally do well in IQ tests, (9) ______ 12-15 points above the (10) ______ value of 100, and have contributed (11) ______ to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the (12) ______ of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, (13) ______. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, (14) ______, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been (15) ______ to social effects, such as a strong tradition of (16) ______ education. The latter was seen as a (an) (17) ______ of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately (18) ______. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has (19) ______ them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this (20) ______ state of affairs.

    In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop floor lighting (1) ______ workers’ productivity. Instead, the studies ended (2) ______ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect,” the extremely influential idea that the very (3) ______ of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.
    The idea arose because of the (4) ______ behavior of the women in the plant. According to (5) ______ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not (6) ______ what was done in the experiment; (7) ______ something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) (8) ______ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be (9) ______ to alter workers’ behavior (10) ______ itself.
    After several decades, the same data were (11) ______ to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. (12) ______ the descriptions on record, no systematic (13) ______ was found that levels of productivity related to changes in lighting.
    It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to (14) ______ interpretations of what happened. (15) ______, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output (16) ______ rose compared with the previous Saturday and (17) ______ to rise for the next couple of days. (18) ______, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays Workers (19) ______ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before (20) ______ a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.

    In the early 1960s, Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing number of bigger, longer frames.
    The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller.  “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go，” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Weight State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.
    Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5＇9＂for men, 5＇4＂for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.
    Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism.” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
    Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Chaire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”

    Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly.

    One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
    When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (1) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
    It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (2) but we have at least drawn newer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right. regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
    A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (3)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.
    Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (4) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.
    To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (5) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.